On 13 June 1963, the president of the Royal Society Howard Florey presented a ‘Code for the Publication of New Scientific Journals’ to a meeting of officers representing 55 British scientific societies.
In the light of subsequent developments in the management and ownership of scientific journals, the Code’s insistence upon scholarly control of academic journals is notable. It was written at a time when the growing involvement of commercial publishers in academic publishing was becoming visible.
“The present tendency for commercial publishers to initiate new scientific journals in great numbers is causing concern to many people. With the expansion of established sciences and advances into new fields and disciplines it is evident that new journals are necessary.”
The question was: who should have control of these new journals? The Society’s answer was clear:
“Ideally, the best body to start and run a journal is a scientific society, but if that is impossible, a journal should only be put in the hands of a commercial publisher with the following safeguards…”
Those safeguards insisted that financial policy, as well as editorial policy, should remain in academic hands:
- “Scientific and editorial policy should be in the hands of a board of responsible scientific editors;
- Financial policy should be formulated, and altered, only in agreement with the scientific editorial board;
- Nomination to the editorial board should be in the hands of the scientific editors and not the publishers;
- Copyright should remain with the authors or be assigned to the scientific editorial board;
- No agreement should be signed until competent legal advice has been sought.”
It is not yet entirely clear to us what the reaction or effect of this proposed Code was.
The meeting at which it was first discussed was supposed to be the first in an annual series that would create ‘more contact between the many scientific societies’. The fact that the series started with ‘Scientific Publications’ is a striking statement of the concern felt about publishing in the early 1960s. To stimulate discussion, the Royal Society offered tea and coffee, and circulated advance copies of Frank Morley’s pamphlet Self-Help for Learned Societies (Nuffield Foundation, 1963). It’s a fascinating read, grounded in the fear that learned society publishing was near to extinction; and full of advice on how societies could reform their practical publishing operations (mostly through focusing on increasing their sales income).
The problem with both the Code and the Self-Help advice is that they enabled societies to reform their own practices, but had no power to affect what commercial publishers (e.g. Pergamon, Blackwell) were doing. The Code was written on the assumption that ideas for new journals would emerge from the scholarly community, and that a group of academics would then need to find a way to work with a publisher, while retaining ownership. In fact, plenty of new journals in the 1960s and 1970s were created from the big publishing firms, who then found academics to work with them (for the wider context, see our Untangling Academic Publishing, 2017).
Journals created by commercial publishers did indeed seek scholarly respectability by appointing boards of academics to oversee ‘scientific and editorial policy’. But with ownership of the journal resting with the publisher, such boards had little or no involvement in financial policy.
That insistence that copyright be retained by authors (or by editorial boards, as representatives of the academic community) is also intriguing in the light of subsequent developments. It is not yet clear quite when publishers of academic journals became so determined to control copyright, but it is a phenomenon of the later twentieth century. The Royal Society changed its policy in 1990 (asking authors to transfer copyright, rather than holding copyright jointly between author and the Society). The Society was unlikely to have been a pioneer in this, but was likely to be reflecting general trends in the publishing industry. Its justification was framed in the light of seeking ‘maximum protection’ from the recent 1988 Copyright Act; owning copyright would give the Society control over ‘secondary rights, such as reprinting, reproduction and electronic document delivery’. This attitude reflected the fact that – in contrast to the 1960s – journal publishing had come to be managed as a potential source of income for the Society, rather than a service to the scholarly community. (Note, the Society has now changed to a licence to publish).
In the twenty-first century, we might usefully look again at these 1963 ideas. Their argument about the importance of governance and ownership of academic journals seems timely.
Fascinating, thank you! Sounds like diamond open access in nuce. Do we know where that code was reprinted and what circulation it might have had?
How to apply these principles to modern day open-access journals? If the full set of copyrights is somewhere and the end user is only given a “non commercial” license (like CC BY-NC), how to be sure that the remaining exclusive rights stay in the right hands?
So far, I have been frustratingly unable to discover what – if any – impact this Code had. It was discussed at a meeting of 50-or-so learned society journal editors held at the Royal Society in 1963. But I have yet to find any evidence of further discussion or impact. So far, I can present it only as evidence that some people in senior positions in science in the early 1960s were at least thinking about the possible effects of more commercial publishers being involved in journal publishing.
Notice that there were no hints as to how/whether this Code could be enforced.
Since posting this, the announcements about PlanS have made me realise how little it says about access or costs.
One of the architects of this code, David Martin (executive secretary of the Royal Society) had spoken in 1957 of the need for ‘safeguards’ to prevent the question of profit-seeking (by new players in commercial publishing) coming into conflict with the goal of societies to circulate research ‘as widely and cheaply as possible’. The presumed threat to the interests of learned publishing from commercial interests lies behind Martin’s 1957 speech, Morley’s 1963 ‘Self-Help for Learned Journals’ booklet, and the 1963 Code – but the nature of that threat is almost never made clear. Martin hinted that it might be increased prices, and thus a threat to circulation, whereas Morley thought that only societies could provide long-term stability for journals (since publishers might ‘weary’ and decide to stop).
If we assume the threat was of price increases above and beyond production costs, then it’s interesting that there was no attempt in 1963 to suggest the kinds of caps on acceptable prices that PlanS envisions (though in this case, for APCs).
I’ve also belatedly realised that the Code says nothing about who has the power to appoint an Editor-in-Chief. Is it the academic board, or might it be the publisher? I suspect this is a blind-spot due to the way the Royal Society’s own journals operated at the time, i.e. with editorial committees reporting to the secretaries of the society, not to an editor-in-chief.